Elkins, Stephen B. (Stephen Benton), 1841-1911

A large group of politicians and others stand in a cemetery on Memorial Day. Each seems to be grieving at gravestones that bear special messages. Pope Leo XIII stands in front of a stone that states “Here lies my Irish Influence.” Ulysses S. Grant places a wreath labeled “Tho’ Gone Not Forgotten” at a monument that states “Here Lies the Third Term 1880.” Stephen Dorsey and Thomas Brady, arm in arm, stand in front of a stone that states “[Star] Route Here Lies Our Hope of Acquittal.” James G. Blaine places a wreath on a stone that states “[He]re Lies My South American Policy.” Samuel J. Tilden and Charles A. Dana stand in front of a stone that states “Tilden Boom 1876 Rest in Peace.” Clustered around Grant are Roscoe Conkling holding a tattered military standard labeled “Stalwart Battle Flag 1880,” J. D. Cameron on crutches labeled “1882,” John A. Logan as a drummer with number “306” on his drum strap, and Thomas Collier Platt as a little girl. Also grouped before a stone that states “Here Lies Democratic Consistency on the Tariff” are Benjamin F. Butler, Winfield Scott Hancock, Rutherford B. Hayes, and Stephen B. Elkins. Others depicted are Simon Cameron, John Kelly, Jay Gould, George W. Childs, George M. Robeson, David Davis, Robert Ingersoll, Jeremiah O’Donovan Rossa, and a man identified as “Campbell.” Caption: They deck with flowers, this Day of Decoration, full many a blighted hope and reputation.

Collection

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs

Creation Date

1883-05-30

Charles A. Dana, editor of the “Sun,” and Stephen B. Elkins, wearing a plumed hat, attempt to push an emaciated dog labeled “Clerical Slanderer” up steps leading to where Grover Cleveland is sitting in a rocking chair. Another dog labeled “Common Slanderer” is lying on its back, apparently dead. Nearby is an overturned bowl labeled “False Witness.”

Collection

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs

Creation Date

1884-08-20

Puck’s Independent Party figure sits on the left next to Puck beneath a sign that states “Independent Road to the White House.” At center, A. M. Clapp, with a cash box labeled “Republican Campaign Fund” and a sheet of paper that states “Permission to Remain in Office,” appears with Green B. Raum, who is holding a box labeled “Absolution” containing papers that state “Indispensable Dispensation,” selling indulgences for absolutions and dispensations to an old woman with a broom labeled “U. S.,” a “U. S. Scrub-Woman,” a “Page,” a “Treasy. Clerk,” and a “U. S. Postman” holding a paper that is a “Guarantee against Decapitation.” In the background, Whitelaw Reid carries a banner that states “The Republican Party is the Party of Salvation,” Thomas Jefferson Brady and Stephen Dorsey carry banners that state “The Republican Party Must Stay No Matter How” and “This is Our Last Chance,” and Powell Clayton drives a wagon carrying a safe labeled “Funds for an Aggressive Campaign.” Also depicted are William Walter Phelps with a paper that states “Its Only a Matter of Money” and Robert Ingersoll holding a paper labeled “Sweet C. O. D.” Caption: In the sixteenth century, Tetzel and his corrupt fellow-priests openly sold absolutions and dispensations, and played upon the fears of the people to fill their coffers, and keep themselves in power and place and shameful luxury. A little later, they were swept under in the cleansing flood of the great reformation. Will the star-route money-leeches please take notice that history repeats itself?

Collection

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs

Creation Date

1884-08-12

Whitelaw Reid, in the dark shadows of a street, pours alcohol from a large jug labeled “Tribune Tonic Crooked Campaign Brand” into the open mouth of an Irish man wearing a plumed hat, a cape labeled “Plumed Dynamiters’ League,” and holding a large knife labeled “Blind Animosity” and a stick with a bomb attached to the end. Stephen B. Elkins, crouched behind Reid, is keeping a lookout. Both are wearing plumed hats. On the wall behind them is a notice that states “Grand Mass-Meeting! Mr. W. Reid will speak on ‘The spread of American Ideas among the Irish’.” Puck’s “Independent” Party figure is walking down the street with Grover Cleveland.

Collection

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs

Creation Date

1884-08-06

At a dinner party is presidential candidate James Gillespie Blaine, who is trying to cover himself with pages of the New York Tribune, and by his side, vice-presidential candidate John A. Logan. Seated around a table set with “Pension Pie, Monopoly Stew, [and] Star Route Shortcake” are James W. Husted, Chancey M. Depew, Powell Clayton, Joseph Medill, Stephen W. Dorsey, Thomas J. Brady, a man identified as “Elkins,” William H. Vanderbilt, Jay Gould, Cyrus W. Field, Whitelaw Reid on his feet, John Roach, and Robert G. Ingersoll fleeing with a bone labeled “Star Route Spoils.” Blaine wears an “Anti-Sunstroke Cabbage Leaf” on his head, to which is attached a quill pen labeled “Gail Hamilton.” Projected onto a wall at the far end of the room are the words “Republican Revolt,” which has frightened everyone in the room.

Collection

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs

Creation Date

1884-06-18

James G. Blaine, wearing Elizabethan style dress, and a small band of accomplices labeled “Clapp, Reid, Murat Halstead, Elkins, [and] Mahone” make their way down a Tudor style street, marking the doors of potential victims, including Puck’s offices, of a personal vendetta. Reid carries a long list that includes “C. Schurz, H. W. Beecher, G. W. Curtis, C. A. Arthur, Col. Lyman, H. White, G. Jones, [and] E. L. Godkin.” Drawn by the commotion, Arthur, Curtis, Schurz, and Beecher lean out windows observing, as does Puck’s figure of the Independent Party. Caption: He organizes a little private St. Bartholomew’s eve of his own.

Collection

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs

Creation Date

1885-01-21

A glum Thanksgiving Day feast is occurring with the downtrodden Republican presidential candidate James G. Blaine and his supporters “W.W. Phelps, [Roscoe Conkling at an open door], William Mahone, Cabot Lodge, [John Logan], Robeson, Dorsey, [W. Reid, Benjamin F. Butler], Elkins, Platt, [Cyrus W. Field, and] C.A. Dana” gathered around a table, and with John Kelly as a dog next to a plate with a small bird labeled “Compliments of N.Y. Citizens.” Reid is removing the top of a platter labeled “Campaign” where there is a “Crow” that is “Compliments of the People.” Through a window, where Puck is looking in, can be seen Grover Cleveland carrying a large turkey labeled “Presidency” over his shoulder, and across the street is Jay Gould offering his “Congratulations.”

Collection

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs

Creation Date

1884-11-26

An explosion has occurred at the “Claim Agency, Formerly Republican Head Quarters” with William M. Evarts peeking through the opening in the tent to survey the damage. Several small kiosks labeled “Machine Republicans Meet Here, County Democracy Blaine Exchange, Tribune Blaine Organ, [and] Friends of Tammany Meet Here” have been blown over and damaged. Also knocked to the ground by the blast were “Keifer, [Blaine holding a paper that states “I Claim Everything”], Logan, W. Reid, Butler, Dana, Burchard [labeled “R.R.R.”], Robeson, Elkins, Dorsey,” and an unidentified man lying on the ground next to bags of “Soap.” On horseback, in the upper left corner, is Grover Cleveland holding a scroll labeled “Reform,” and a Puck character carrying a standard labeled “Independents.” Among the ranks are Carl Schurz, George W. Curtis, and Henry Ward Beecher. Strewn on the ground are papers that state “I.O.U. If we win. J. G., I.O.U. Conditional on Success, C.W.F., [and] I.O.U. If you get there, J. Roach”; and several of the downed “Mulligan Guard” hold papers that state “We Still Claim,” whereas Dana’s paper states “I Give Up.”

Collection

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs

Creation Date

1884-11-19

“Butler Fly-Paper Prepared only by Blaine, Elkins, & Co.,” to which flies do not stick, lies on a plate on a table. Stephen B. Elkins, standing in the background, is drinking from a bottle labeled “Star Route Syrup $.”

Collection

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs

Creation Date

1884-10-15

James Gillespie Blaine is pictured as Apollo playing a lyre labeled “N. Y. Tribune” fashioned from the body of Whitelaw Reid, before a gathering of the gods on Olympus. Among those present are Cyrus W. Field as Mercury, George M. Robeson as Neptune, Charles A. Dana as Minerva, Jay Gould as Zeus, Thomas Collier Platt, Robert Green Ingersoll, and Rutherford B. Hayes as angels, Chauncey Depew, W. H. Vanderbilt as Pluto, Russell Sage, William W. Phelps, John Roach as Vulcan, Stephen B. Elkins as Dionysus, Joseph Warren Keifer as Hercules, John Alexander Logan as Mars, Benjamin F. Butler as Venus, Stephen Wallace Dorsey and Thomas Jefferson Brady as putti, and John Kelly as an owl.

Collection

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs

Creation Date

1884-10-08

James Gillespie Blaine is dressed as a knight, with the plumes of his helmet labeled “Dodger, Speakership Record, [and] Mulligan Letters.” He holds papers labeled “Aggressive Cash Campaign” and has his other hand in a bag of money labeled “Vote Persuader.” He is riding in a wagon labeled “J. G. Blaine, Unlicensed Vendor, Stocks, Political Influence, etc.,” the seat of which is labeled “Compressed Magnetism.” William Walter Phelps is riding on the back of the wagon, sitting on boxes of “Condensed Fireworks” and “Campaign Lies, Scandals.” He is holding a portrait painting of George Washington labeled “J. G. Blaine.” At the front of the wagon, “Dorsey, Brady, [Robeson, and] Keifer” are pulling, and at the back “Gould, Clapp, [and] Clayton” are pushing. Whitelaw Reid marches alongside as a one-man band playing a horn labeled “Brag,” a drum labeled “Bluster,” an organ labeled “Blaine Organ,” a bellows labeled “Campaign Wind,” and firing a cannon labeled “Blaine Orgun.” Stephen B. Elkins, in the background on the left, waves a whip that spells “Enthusiasm,” and former Vice President Schuyler Colfax, with a “Credit Mobilier” plume in his cap, carries the standard that states, “Westward The Star of Corruption Fakes its Way.” They are passing a sign that states “To Ohio.”

Collection

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs

Creation Date

1884-10-01

James Gillespie Blaine is dressed as a knight, with the plumes of his helmet labeled “Speakership Record, Mulligan Letters, [and] Credit Mobilier.” He holds papers labeled “Aggressive Cash Campaign,” and rests his left hand on the head of William Walter Phelps who is holding a sword and a battered shield labeled “Blaines Magnetism.” Whitelaw Reid, wearing a paper hat, carries a standard that states “Moral Ideas,” (crossed out) “Soap and Success!” Stephen B. Elkins presents a “Report” to John Alexander Logan and Blaine that states “Great Victory in Maine! Blaine Vindicated! Cost $265,000.” Charles A. Dana sits in the lower right corner pouring “Personal Animosity” into cannonballs labeled “Personal Animosity, Spite, Mud Bombs, [and] Malice.” Frederick Douglass holds a sign labeled “Mulligan Guards Blaine’s Record” that appears to have drawn considerable enemy fire. On the left, “A. M. Clapp” turns his empty pockets inside out and George M. Robeson looks at an empty cash barrel. In the background, there is action at the “Whiskey Arsenal, Fort Cleveland, Polls, [and] Fort St. John” and casualties on the battlefield. Caption: “Another victory like this and our money’s gone!”

Collection

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs

Creation Date

1884-09-17

At a boathouse is an exhausted James Gillespie Blaine, suffering from “Guano Gout,” being attended by Jay Gould, Whitelaw Reid, George M. Robeson, William Walter Phelps, and Stephen B. Elkins who is searching a box of patent medicines labeled “Remedy, Record Cleaner, Tariff Fever Cure, R.R. Record Purifier, Tattoo Eradicator, [and] Vermont Reviver (Homoepathic)” for a cure. John A. Logan readies the racing shell labeled “Aggressive Campaign” that may be stuck in “Monopoly Mud,” and Stephen Wallace Dorsey, at the entrance to the boathouse, carries oars labeled “Soap” and [Star] “Router.” Hanging on the wall are shells and oars labeled “Guano Statesmanship, Speaker Ship’s Record Boat, Senatorial Record, [and] Tariff Issue.” Grover Cleveland waits in his racing shell labeled “Reform” and Carl Schurz stands at the entrance to the “Independent Boat House” which is next to the “Democratic Boat House.” In the background is a crowded grandstand. Caption: Logan – “Come, Jim, show some nerve, or nobody won’t believe you’re in the race! Ain’t you never going to be aggressive?”

Collection

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs

Creation Date

1884-09-10

Several Republicans with presidential aspirations and/or delegates to the Republican National Convention in Chicago, and a young boy holding a pillow labeled “Stand-Pat Press,” stand around “Stand-Pat” King Canute on the seashore with cliffs at their back, as he commands the rising tide of “Tariff Revision.”

Comments and Context

Samuel Ehrhart returned to Puck’s political-cartoon pages with a standard use of the King Canute legend, frequently employed by cartoonists; it was a misuse, actually, because the real story of Canute is not that the king tried to command the waves to recede, but to illustrate to his court that his powers were not unlimited.

In any event Ehrhart had a chance to reconnect Puck with partisanship, as it had been addressing generic issues with force but without regard to party positions or specific personalities to this point in the 1908 campaign. In this cartoon, the king is a generic figure but his retinue is, exclusively, high-tariff Republican proponents from the Senate and House.

A group of Republicans try to push, pull, and coax the “G.O.P.” elephant to jump a hurdle on a race course. William B. Allison stands on the far side of the hurdle. Philander C. Knox is pulling the elephant’s trunk. William P. Frye, Nelson W. Aldrich, Stephen B. Elkins, Joseph Gurney Cannon, and Eugene Hale are pushing the elephant, which is being ridden by a plump man labeled “Stand Pat,” wielding a whip. The hurdle has four bars, the lowest labeled “Cost of Living 1896,” the next “Cost of Living 1900,” then “Cost of Living 1904,” and the highest “Cost of Living 1908.”

Comments and Context

The “High Cost of Living” has been a perennial bugaboo of politicians and icon of cartoonists through the years. In the administration of Woodrow Wilson, and especially in the two years following the Armistice ending World War I, the issue was paramount. It often was manifested by an impossibly tall and thin dour character.

In any period of price inflation, and especially by the party out of power at the moment, the cost of living was a tempting issue.

A group of senators (labeled Aldrich, Frye, Spooner, Penrose, Tillman, Bailey, Foraker, and Elkins) dressed as Native Americans perform a war dance around a totem pole with the face of President Theodore Roosevelt carved at the top. A drum labeled “The Press” is in the foreground while “Tom” and “Chauncey” stand in the background. Caption: Recent despatches from the Washington reservation report that the Senator Indians are again on the war path.

Comments and Context

Udo J. Keppler — after his father’s death known as Joseph Keppler, Junior — was an owner and chief cartoonist on Puck magazine. Rather neglected by history, and not as celebrated as his father, he arguably was the better artist, and a potent editorialist. During the first decade of the century, while the venerable Puck went downhill in circulation, the political viewpoints of Keppler and his staff evolved from conservative Democrat to Rooseveltian reformist to insurgent to radical-progressive.

This cartoon is more observational than tendentious, but allowed the artist to display his utter mastery of anatomy, as well as his affinity for Native American customs and lore. He and another Puck cartoonist, Will Crawford, developed an interest in Indian tribes and their status. Keppler became an advocate before his retirement around 1915, until his death in 1956. He was active with the Seneca tribe of the Iroquois Nation, who named him an honorary chief. So this cartoon was informed by, and by no means ridiculed, Indian rites.

A. J. Cassatt is willing to attend a conference but doubts that anything can be accomplished as his views are diametrically opposed to those held by Stuyvesant Fish. The bill introduced by Senator Stephen B. Elkins could start an early debate.

Collection

Library of Congress Manuscript Division

Creation Date

1902-02-05

President Roosevelt stands on one side of a scaffold, holding a large sculpted arm with a huge stick labeled “The Big Stick” for placement on a large sculpture of a female figure labeled “Inter-State Commerce Laws.” On the other side of the scaffold is a man labeled “The Rail Road” directing Nelson W. Aldrich, Stephen B. Elkins, and Joseph Benson Foraker to use instead a much smaller arm labeled “Delay” and “Fines.” Caption: A difference of opinion as to what will fit the lady.

Comments and Context

J. S. Pughe’s cartoon is one of the cleverer uses of the Big Stick as an icon during Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency. The depiction of four men against his lone self is also a fair representation of the opposition Roosevelt faced.

There were mighty forces opposed to railroad rate legislation, and more than railroad interests: there were many trusts and related industries that profited from the railroads’ power to control rates and routes, to favor or destroy small competitors. In fact some members of House of Representatives advocated more extreme measures than the president thought just (or, more, practical to get through Congress). Of course the senatorial Old Guard, here represented by Nelson W. Aldrich of Rhode Island, Joseph Benson Foraker of Ohio — virtually a constant thorn in Roosevelt’s side — and Stephen B. Elkins of West Virginia; all them under the watchful eye of their boss, a railroad magnate. They easily handle a small statue’s arm, with harmless balloons inn its hands.

On the Senate floor, several Senators engage in a free-for-all around a signpost labeled “Rail Road Interests.” Watching the melee from the “Visitors’ Gallery” is Joseph R. Burton.

Comments and Context

J. S. Pughe’s center-spread cartoon in Puck, 1906, is a reversal of many cartoons drawn through the years (most memorably by Joseph Ferdinand Keppler’s 1889 gallery of moneybags, “Bosses of the Senate.” Pughe’s variation was to draw the floor of the Senate ripped out, and the well reconfigured as the floor of a stock exchange.

New York Senator Chauncey M. Depew is portrayed as a pliant errand-boy, presumably to corporate masters, and a gaggle of senators, most prominently Nelson Aldrich of Rhode Island, pile on each other at the “Railroad Interests” station. Senators hasten to make inquiries with trusts, or receive instructions from them; indeed at the time many politicians in Washington frankly presented themselves as serving the corporate interests in their states.

Theodore Roosevelt, as Hercules, wears a lion skin and holds a sword. He faces a nine-headed hydra, with each head identified as that of a senator. The hydra’s tail is labeled “U.S. Senate.”

Comments and Context

In an earlier time, such as when this cartoon in Puck appeared, average people were conversant with elements of Western intellectual heritage like Greek mythology. The contextual background of this political cartoon by J. S Pughe might have been evident to many readers in 1905. In one of ancient Athens’ most durable myths, the Second Task of Hercules was to conquer the multi-headed monster Hydra.

Among the Hydra’s malign aspects were poisonous breath and blood, and the regenerative ability to grow two heads where one would be severed. To confront this challenge, and so he could proceed past Hydra’s lair at the Lake of Lerna on his journey, Hercules enlisted his nephew Iolaus. Shunning his club, sickle, and other weapons, Hercules took up his sword and instructed Iolaus to use a smoldering firebrand to cauterize the wounds with the poisoned blood as Hercules decapitated each ugly head.